CONTOH PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1. I am reading this book now
2. It's raining now
3. Jack is sleeping now
4. Dewi is working on that task
5. We were watching a movie on TV
6. They're playing ball in the yard now
7. The teacher was explaining the lesson
8. We are reading a newspaper now
9. Budi, Toni and Alan are discussing right now
10. Ulis, Ajie and Sule are studying their homework at the moment
11. Mr. Asep is not going to campus
12. Mr. Noey is writting a letter
13. Rizal is watching a football match on TV
14. My brother is leaving for Campus by motorcycle this afternoon
15. He always forgot to bring books
16. Mr. Abdilah was teaching English in campus right now
17. She is not staying in Bekasi

PENGGUNAAN PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Penggunaan present continuous tense , yaitu:

1. Present Continuous Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa subject kalimat sedang melakukan suatu kegiatan. Pada saat dibicarakan (now), kejadian atau aktivitas tersebut sedang berlangsung.

Contoh:

1.         We are studying English now.

2.         She is listening to the music now.

3.         I am discussing English with my friends now.

4.         They are playing football now.

5.         Johnny is watering plants now.

6.       The kids are watching TV.
 7.        I am sitting down, because I am tired.

8.         They are reading their books.

2. Present continuous tense juga digunakan untuk menyatakan dua atau lebih aktivitas yang SEDANG berlangsung secara bersamaan. Aktivitas yang sedang berlangsung tersebut biasanya dihubungkan dengan conjunction while dan and.

Contoh:

1.         Ririn is studying English while Rini is solving math problems.

2.         My father is reading newspapers in the living room and my mom is cooking in the kitchen.

3. We can also use the Present Continuous Tense to talk about activities happening around now, and not necessarily this very moment.

Contoh :
 1.         Sally is studying really hard for her exams this week.
 2.        I am reading a really interesting book.
 3.        How are you brushing up on your English for the trip?
 4.        We aren't working hard these days.

4. The Present Continuous Tense is also used to talk about activities happening in the near future, especially for planned future events.

Contoh :

1.      I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. 

2.      Polly is coming for dinner tomorrow. 

3.  I am meeting my father at the station tomorrow morning.

4.      We aren't going on holiday next week.

5.      I am meeting some friends after work.

MODALS VERB

MUST

1. I must go home now.

2. People must eat to live.

3. I must do my homework soon.

4. She must study English hard.

5. He must go to office today.

6. You must not smoke in the class.

7. You must venture back to apologize.

8. You must help each other.

9. We must do our duty.

10. Must she go?

11. You must do everything I say.

12. We must say good-bye now.

MAY

1. May I borrow your motorcycle?

2. May I go home now?

3. Henry may be come late.

4. It May rain tonight.

5. May God bless you.

6. I may never find all the answer.

7. I may never understand why.

8. We may get some solutions.

9. You may come to my home anytime.

10. They may be in library now.

11. Indonesia may become a major economic power.

12. Andi may meet me tomorrow.

13. May I have another cup of coffee?

CLAUSE

Noun Clause

A noun clause can be used like a noun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative,direct object ,appositive ,indirect object, or object of the preposition.

Noun Clause adalah Clause yang digunakan sebagai pengganti noun atau berfungsi sebagai noun (kata benda). Untuk mendalami penjelasan mengenai Noun Clause, silahkan perhatikan penjelasan di bawah ini:

Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:

1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exclamation (seruan)

1. Statement
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi :
1) Subjek Kalimat

• Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)

2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"

• It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia

3) Objek Pelengkap

• My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia

4) Objek Kata Kerja

• All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia

5) Apositif

• My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.

2. Question

Fungsi:
1) Subjek Kalimat

• What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Pelengkap

• My question is what she is doing.

3) Objek Kata Kerja

• I really wonder what she is doing.

4) Objek Kata Depan

• We discussed about what she is doing.

3. Request
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi :
1) Objek Kata Kerja

• Read the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)

4. Exclamation
a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi :
1) Objek Kata Kerja

• What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)

2) Objek Kata Depan

• We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.

CONTOH :

1. What he gets makes his family proud.

2. I know where her house is.

3. The President will give whatever the Indonesia National Football Team gets an appreciation.

4. That is what you want.

5. They will name their dog whatever they want to.

6. The old lady cried for whatever his husband did.

7. John, whom i met yesterday, will be my new business partner.

8. Remembering what she promised, I tried to be better.

9. They requested me to notice what they spoke.

10. Rejecting what he wants makes me unhappy.

Adverbial Clause

Adverbial Clause is a that modifies a verb, an adjective, or an adverb in the same way that a standard adverbial would.

Adverbial Clause adalah Clause (anak kalimat) yang berfungsi sebagai Adverb, yakni menerangkan kata kerja.

Jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause antara lain:

1. Clause of Time

Clause yang menunjukkan waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as, dll.

Contoh:

• Shut the door before you go out.
• You may begin whenever you are ready.
• While he was walking home, he saw an accident.
• By the time I arrive, Alex will have left.
• No sooner had she entered than he gave an order.

2. Clause of Place

Clause yang menunjukkan tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever, dll.

Contoh:

• They sat down wherever they could find empty seats
• The guard stood where he was positioned.
• Where there is a will, there is a way.
• Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.
• Go where you like.

3. Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time, dll.

Contoh:

• As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.
• Mary wanted to stop, whereas I wanted to go on.
• Although it is late, we'll stay a little longer.
• He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

4. Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that, dll.

Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 1978.
• I was never allowed to do Things as I wanted to do Them.

5. Clause of Cause and Effect

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan sebab dan akibat. Ada beberapa pola membentuk Clause jenis ini. Perhatikan baik-baik.

Contoh:

• Ryan ran so fast that he broke the previous speed record.
• It was so cold yesterday that I didn't want to swim.
• The soup tastes so good that everyone will ask for more.
• The student had behaved so badly that he was dismissed from the class.

6. Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that), dll.

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
• Suppose (that) your house burns down, do you have enough insurance to cover such a loss.
• In case a robbery occurs in the hotel, the management must be notified at once.
• The company will agree to arbitration on condition (that) the strike is called off at once.
• We should be able to do the job for you quickly, provided (that) you give us all the necessary information.

Adjective clause

Adjective Clause is a subordinate clause that modifies a noun, pronoun, or other nominal.

Adjective Clause dinamakan juga RELATIVE CLAUSE yaitu Clause (anak kalimat) yang digunakan/berfungsi sebagai adjective yang menerangkan keadaan noun atau pronoun.

Adjective Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam, yaitu:

1. Relative Pronoun

• Kata Ganti Orang
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah : Who, Whom, Whose, That
  
  Fungsi :
  a. Subjek:
  - He paid the money to the man who had done the work
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  - He paid the man whom  he had hired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  - He paid the man from whom he had borrowed the money.
  
  d. Kata Ganti Kepunyaan:
  - This is the girl whose picture you saw.

• Benda, Binatang
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan adalah: Which, that
  
  Fungsi:
  a. Subjek:
  - Here is a book which describes animals.
  
  b. Objek Kata Kerja:
  - The chair which he broke is being repaired.
  
  c. Objek Kata Depan:
  - He was wearing the clothes for which she had paid Rp.50.000,-

2. Relative Adverbs

• Waktu
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: when
  - This is the year when the SEA Games are held.

• Tempat
  Kata Penghubung yang digunakan: where
  - Here is the house where I live.

CONTOH :

1. The boy whose radio was stolen is a student.

2. The girl whom I gave a special reward is a bright student.

3. The bike which I borrowed last week was sold.

4. The man who is talking to Taylor is from Japan.

5. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.

6. The books that are on the shelf are mine.

7. The girl who is sitting beside me is Lisa.

8. The Man Whom you met yesterday is our new friend.

9.  The small town in which  I was born has grown to a large metropolis.
10.The day on which they were to leave finally arrived.

TASK 2

NOUN

NOUN are naming words. They give tittles to people, place, things, and ideas.

Noun adalah kata untuk nama orang, tempat atau benda.

Jenis Noun

Common Nouns (kata benda umum)
It is the name given to a generic item.

ex: chair, fish, tree, pencil, coffee, arm, hair, wall.

Proper Nouns (kata benda nama diri)
All proper nouns start with a capital letter ex: London (a city), Napoleon Bonaparte - (an historical figure), Amazon River (a waterway), Sydney Harbour Bridge (a landmark).

Concrete Nouns  ( kata benda yang berwujud)
We can see it, hear it, smell it, taste it or touch it.
ex: flowers, soil, water, music, table, perfume, sugar, salt.

Abstract Nouns (kata benda yang tak berwujud)
An abstract noun is a state, a quality or feeling that can not be perceived by the senses.
We cannot use our five senses to perceive happiness, jealousy, beauty, trust, loyalty, or love.

Collective Nouns (kata benda kelompok)
Used to describe a group of objects.

Ex : family, group, class, team, club.

Bentuk Noun

Countable noun yaitu kata benda yang dapat di hitung.

1.      Singular nouns (Kata benda tunggal)

2.      Plural nouns (Kata benda jamak)

Uncountable nouns yaitu kata benda yang tidak dapat dihitung.

Contoh :

1. David go to campus by car.

2. I was born in Solo.

3. She write a letter.

4. He gave me some flower.

5. Manchester United are biggest football club.

VERB

VERB are type of words which expresses action, existence, or condition.

Verb  adalah kata yang menunjukkan nama perbuatan yang dilakukan oleh subyek, namun mungkin juga untuk menunjukkan keadaan.

1. Finite Verb (Kata Kerja Biasa)

2. Auxiliary Verbs (Kata Kerja Bantu)

Yaitu kata kerja yang digunakan bersama-sama dengan kata kerja lain untuk menyatakan tindakan atau keadaan, atau berfungsi untuk melengkapi fungsi gramatikal.

Ex : Is, am, are. Was, were. Do, does, did. Has, have, had. Can, could.

3. Linking Verbs (Kata Kerja Penghubung)

Yaitu kata kerja yang berfungsi menghubungkan antara subject dengan complement-nya. Kata yang dihubungkan dengan subject tersebut dinamakan subject complement.

      Ex : be (am, is, are, was, dll.) look, seem, smell, sound.

4. Transitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu kata kerja yang memerlukan object untuk menyempurnakan arti kalimat atau melengkapi makna kalimat.

     Ex : Drink, watch, read, fill, open, close.

5. Intransitive Verbs (Kata Kerja Yang Tidak Membutuhkan Objek)

Yaitu adalah kata kerja yang tidak memerlukan obyek, karena sudah dapat dipahami dengan sempurna makna kalimat tersebut.

     Ex : come, sit, sleep, fall, cry, walk.

6. Regular & Irregular Verbs

Regular Verb adalah kata kerja yang dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan bentuk tense; dan perubahan bentuk kata kerja itu secara teratur.
Irregular Verb adalah kata kerja yang mempunyai fungsi sama dengan regular verb, tetapi perubahan bentuk kata kerja ini secara tidak teratur.

Contoh :

1. She is very beautiful.

2. The cakes smell delicious

3. He watches the film.

4. The baby is sleeping.

5. My sister studies in UMS.

ADVERB

ADVERB a type of word that modifies verbs, adjectives, other adverb, a phrase, or a clause.

Adverb  adalah kata yang memberikan penjelasan mengenai tempat, waktu dan cara suatu kegiatan atau peristiwa itu terjadi.

1. Adverb of Time.
Adverbs of Time tell us something about the time that something happens.

    Ex : now, today, yesterday, before

2. Adverb of Place.

Adverbs of Place tell us the place where something happens.

   Ex : here, somewhere, everywhere, there

3.  Adverb of Manner.

Adverbs of Manner tell us the manner or way in which something happens.

   Ex : carefully, fast, slowly, suddenly

4. Adverb of Degree.

Adverbs of Degree tell us the degree or extent to which something happens.

   Ex : almost, enough, rather, nearly, very

5. Adverb of Frequency.

Merupakan kata keterangan yang menyatakan jumlah atau berapa banyaknya suatu pekerjaan, tindakan atau peristiwa itu dilakukan.
   Ex : always, usually , never , sometimes, once

Contoh :

1. I am working now.

2. She studies English here.

3. Hendi speaks loudly.

4. Jono always drinks coffee every morning.

5.  I quite understand.

Basic Sentence Pattern

1.Intrasitive Verb

   ~ I walk alone.

   ~ The bird fly in sky.

   ~ The horse run fast.

   ~ The visitors left.

   ~ She sits alone.

2.Transitive Verb

   ~ She watches television.

   ~ I drink coffee.

   ~ He writes a letter.

   ~ She makes a cake.

   ~ I read the magazine.

3. Direct And Indirect

   ~ My father gave   me   some money.

   ~ I gave him an apple.

   ~ I asked him a question

   ~ I bought a car for her.

   ~ I open the door for her.

4. S + V + Link V + C

   ~ The actress is beautiful

   ~ They are happy.

   ~ The shoes are new.

   ~ This house is big.

   ~ The water is cold.